HUMAN, DIGNITY AND JUSTICE

rdk;rcodk@ay;pmrsm; tykdif;(5)/
atmif'if
(rdk;rca&'D,kd Edk0ifbmv 2&uf tpDtpOfwGif xkwfv$ifhonfhay;pm?)

“vlom;/ vl@*k%foduQmESifh w&m;Oya'”

ae@pGJ/ atmufwkdbm 31/ 2003
0g&Sifwef'DpD

(1)
orD;av;rkd;rca&/

+yD;cJhwJh atmufwkdbmv (17)&ufae@u azaz axmifw&ufuscJh&w,fqkd&if/ orD;,Hkyghrvm;? wu,fygorD;&,f? tJh'Dae@u jrefrmEdkifiHrSmqkd&if atmufwkdbm(18)&ufae@aygh? azazwdk@cspfwJh tusOf;cHausmif;om;acgif;aqmif rif;udkEkdif&J@ 41ESpfjynfharG;ae@aygh? tJh'Dae@rSm azazwdk@&J@ pnf;&Hk;v_H@aqmfr_eJ@ tar&duefEdkifiHw0Srf;u wuUodkvf/ aumvdyfeJ@ txufwef;ausmif; (47)ausmif;u ausmif;om;awGu (24)em&D tpmiwfcH+yD; rif;udkEdkifukd *k%fjyK=uw,f? azazwkd@uawmh 0g&Sifwef'DpD {&d,mrSm&SdwJh wuUokdvf}uD; oHk;cku ausmif;om;awGeJ@ ta0;a&muf jrefrmawGpka0;+yD; etzppftkyfpk&J@ oH&Hk;a&S@rSm qENjy=uwmaygh?

oH&Hk;awG&J@ vHk+cHKa&;udk wm0ef,l&wJh Secret Service vdk@ac:wJh&JwyfzGJ@0ifawGu jrefrmoH&Hk;awGa&S@rSm}udK+yD; a&mufESifhae=uw,f? azazwdk@udkvnf; oH&Hk;a&S@um;vrf;wbufjcrf;rSmom qENjyzkd@ arwWm&yfcH=uw,f? 'DvdkeJ@ azazwdk@ vltiftm;oHk;q,fausmfavmuf[m aºu;a=umfoHawG atmf[pfwkdifwnf+yD; qENjy=uwmaygh? tJh'DtcsdefrSm Elliot (tDvDa,mh)qkdwJh a*smhcsf0g&SifwefwuUokdvfu ausmif;olav;/ Jackie (*sufuD)qdkwJh tar&duefwuUokdvfausmif;olav;eJ@ a'grepf (Dominic)qkdwJh a*smhcsfawmif; (Georgetown) wuUokdvfu ausmif;om;uav;wkd@u oH&Hk;a&S@ 0ifaygufwnfhwnfhrSm qENjyr,fqkd+yD; ydkpwmawGudkifqJG+yD;vltkyfxJu xGufoGm;=uw,f? azazvnf; b,faeEkdifawmhrvJ orD;&,f/ ydkpwmwckudkifqGJ/ aºu;a=umfoHawGatmf[pf+yD; tJh'Dausmif;om;av;oHk;a,mufeJ@ twlvkdufoGm;wmaygh?

&JwyfzJG@0ifawGu oH&Hk;t0ifavSum;xdyfrSm ydwfqkd@+yD; azazwkd@udk[ef@wm;=uw,f? azazwkd@av;a,mufu tJh'DoH&Hk;t0if0wnfhwnfhrSm&yf+yD;/ ppftkyfpkudk &H_@cswJh aºu;a=umfoHawG tm;&yg;&atmf[pf=uwmaygh? vrf;wzufrSm usefcJhwJhazazwdk@ &JabmfawGuvnf; azazwkd@eJ@twl oH+ydKif aºu;a=umfae=uav&J@? oH&Hk;0efxrf;awGuvnf; rSefjyLwif;aygufaemufuaeacsmif;+yD; azazwkd@udk ADG'D,dk&kdufrSwfwrf;wifae=uav&J@? tJh'DtcsdefrSm &JwyfzJG@0ifawGu azazwkd@udk oH&Hk;a&S@uae xGufcGmay;zkd@awmif;qkdw,f? tJh'Dawmh azazwkd bmvkyfovJ odvm;? azazwkd@ av;a,mufoH&Hk;a&S@u um;vrf;&J@ tv,facgifwnfhwnfhrSm wef;pDxkdifcs+yD; aºu;a=umfqENjy=uw,f? um;vrf;udk ydwfypfvkdufwmaygh? tJh'DtcsdefrSm aemufxyf&Jum;awGvnf; trsm;}uD;xyfrHa&muf&Sdvmw,f? azazwkd@ukd um;vrf; tv,facgifrSm xkdifae&muae xGufcGmay;zkd@ &JawGu vm+yD; owday;w,f? ,Of,Ofaus;aus;ygyJ? azazwkd@u wnDw!Gwfwnf;jiif;qefvdkuf=uw,f? aemuf 10rdepfavmuf=umawmh 'kwd,t}udrf owday;jyefw,f? azazwkd@uvnf; 'kwd,t}udrf; jiif;qefvkdufw,f? aemuf 10rdepfavmufrSm wwd,eJ@aemufqHk;t}udrf;tjzpfowday;w,f? azazwkd@u jiif;qefvkdufwJhtwGuf azazwkd@ukd zrf;qD;a=umif;&JwyfzJG@0ifawGu a=ujimw,f? tJh'DaemufrSmawh azazwkd@ukd wa,mufcsif;xckdif;+yD;vufxdyfcwfw,f? wudk,fvHk;udk &SmazGw,f? ausmif;olav;ESpfa,mufukd trsdK;orD;&JawGu wm0ef,lwmaygh? +yD;awmh toifhapmifhaewJh tcsKyfum;xJukd xnfhw,f? tJh'Daemuf0g&Sifwef'DpD +rdK@pGefu &JXmecsKyfukdac:oGm;w,f? aemufawmh tJh'D&JXmecsKyf&J@ tcsKyfcef;xJrSm rdef;uav; ESpfa,mufu wcef;/ azazwkd@ ESpfa,mufu wcef;/ csKyfaESmifcH&awmhwmygyJ? c%=umawmh&JwyfzGJ@0ifwa,mufa&mufvm+yD; azazwkd@&J@ukd,fa&;tcsuftvufawG,lw,f? a&S@aeac:csif&if ac:ykdifcGifh&Sda=umif;&Sif;jyw,f? azazwkd@u rvdktyfa=umif;ajymvkdufygw,f?

tJh'DtcsdefrSmyJ &Jpcef;tjyifbufrSmvJ azazoli,fcsif;/ rdwfaqGawGa&muf&Sdvm=uw,f? *s,f&r (Jeremy)/ OD;wifarmifaomf/ udk,Ofat;/ udknDnDatmif/ udknDnD/ aemfwrvmapm/ +yD;awmh e,fpyfa'oawmfvSefa&;e,fajruae acwWa&muf&SdaewJh zxD; z'kdref;&Smwkd@[m azazwkd@ukd ulnDtm;ay;zkd@ &Jpcef;tjyifrSm apmifhqkdif;a&muf&Sdae=uw,f? odyfcspfzkd@aumif;wJh &JabmfawGygyJ?

tcsKyfcef;xJrSm 6em&DavmufyJaevkduf&ygw,f? reuf 11em&DcGJavmufrSm tzrf;cH&+yD; nae 6em&DavmufrSmjyefv$wfay;w,f? &Jta&;ydkiftr_jzpfvkd@ w&m;&Hk;ukd rv$JawmhyJ '%faiG a':vm50wyf+yD;v$wfay;vkdufw,f? tjyifrSmawmh arSmifae+yDaygh?

(2)
orD;av;&,f/

vGefcJhwJh 14ESpfu/ jrefrmEkdifiH/ &efukef+rdK@rSm azaztzrf;cH&wmudk jyefowd&rdw,f? tJh'Dae@u 1989ck/ {+yDv 23&ufae@aygh? &efukef+rdK@/ a&$*Hkwkdifu 0g;&Hkyif pcef;rSm usif;yaewJh vl@abmifopf 'Drkdu&ufwpfygwD&J@ yxrt}udrf ygwDnDvmcH/ 'kwd,ae@aygh? nDvmcHr+yD;ao;cifrSmyJ azazwkd@ 5a,muftpnf;ta0;cef;rxJu xGufvmcJh=uw,f? azaz&,f/ udkudk}uD;&,f/ bdkbkd&,f/ bdk=unf&,f/ a&$bkef;vl&,faygh? tJh'Dem;rSm&SdwJh trSwf(47)tjrefum;*dwfu [kdif;vufpf um;wpD;ay:rSmwufxkdif+yD; &efukef+rdK@pGefu azazwkd@ ykef;ckd&mae&muav;wckqDOD;wnfae=uwmaygh?

*dwfuxGuf+yD;r=umcifrSmyJ vlwpku vufjywm;vkd@ um;ukd &yfay;&w,f? ykyk00 vlwa,mufu a&S@cef;/ '&kdifbmab;rSm0ifxkdif+yD; usefwJhvl 6a,mufu aemufcef;rSm wG,fpD;=uw,f? txJrSm xkdifp&mae&mawG trsm;}uD;&Sd&ufeJ@ 0ifrxkdif=ubl;? +yD;awmh tm;vHk;u tuFs D tjzLeJ@/ ucsifvHkcsnfeJ@/ ausmif;om;awGvkdvkd/ EkdifiHa&;ygwD0ifawGvkdvkd/ vG,ftdyfudk,fpDeJ@?

azazwkd@vnf; udk,fhtawG;eJ@udk,f/ aemufae@awGrSm qufvkyf&r,fh udpPawGudk awG;&if; ESpfajrmaevkduf=uwm owdjyef0ifvmawmh um;uav;[m vrf;c&D;&yfwHh&r,fhrSwfwkdifawGrSm vHk;0&yfwHhjcif;r&SdyJ w[kefxkd; armif;ESifaewm owdjyKrdw,f? 'gwifrubl;/ rlvvrf;a=umif;twkdif;r[kwfawmhyJ tjcm;vrf;wcku armif;ESifaewmudkvnf; owdjyKrdw,f? wckckawmhrSm;ae+yDvkd@em;vnfvkdufwJhtcsdefrSm um;uav;[m ausmufajrmif;u wmarG&Jpcef;a&S@udka&mufaeyg+yD? &Jpcef;+cH0ef;wHcg;}uD;uydwfxm;awmh um;u wkduf&kdkufarmif;0ifvkd@ r&bl;? a&S@cef;u ykyk00 yk*d~Kvfu um;xJuxGuf +cHwHcg;0u &JtapmifhpDoGm;+yD; u'fjym;wckxkwfjywmudkvnf; awG@vkdufw,f? &Jtapmifhu +cHwHcg;ukd *ref;uwef;zGifhaecsdefrSmyJ azazwkd@tm;vHk; um;ay:u qif;ajy;zkd@ }udK;pm;=uwmaygh? azaza&S@u qif;=uwJhav;a,mufu uHtm;avsmfpGm vGwfajrmufoGm;=u+yD; azaztqif;rSmawmh aemufrSm wG,f+yD;vkdufygvmwJh yk*d~KvfawGu azazudk 0kdif;csKyfzrf;qD;vkduf=uw,f? rvSrf;ruef;udk a&muf&Sd+yD;aemuf vSnfh=unfhvSnfh=unfhvkyfaewJh azazoli,fcsif;awGudk “a[haumifawG ajy;=uajy;=u” vkd@ atmf[pfowday;aewkef;rSmyJ tifrwefoefpGrf;wJh vuf}uD;awGu azazudk '&GwfwkdufqJG+yD;&Jpcef;xJac:oGm;=uawmhwmaygh?

&Jpcef;taqmuftODxJt0ifrSmyJ “bmvJ cg;ydkfufEd_yfvm; cg;ydkufEd_yfvm;” qkd+yD; &Jwa,mufu ajy;vm+yD; ol&J@ npfnpfyufyuf vufoD;}uD;eJ@ azazrsufESmudk xkd;vkdufwm/ orD;&,f rsufpdxJ =u,fawGvawGjrifoGm;awmhw,f? emwmaygh/ ESmacgif;uvnf; aoG;awG ,dkpD;usvmw,f? wjcm;&jawGuvnf; tvm;wl 0kdif;+yD;tm;ay;zkd@ ajy;vm=uw,f? tJh'DawmhrS azazudk csKyfxm;wJh axmufvSrf;a&;awGu/ a[h/ 'grif;wkd@eJ@rqkdifbl; qkd+yD; tJh'D&JawGudk wGef;xkwfvkduf=uw,f? csufcsif;yJ azazudk vufjyef}udK;wkyf/ rsufESmudk t0wftdyfrJ}uD;pGyfay;+yD;/ toifhapmifhaewJh um;wpD;&J@aemufcef;=urf;jyifay: ypfwifvkduf=uw,f? 2em&Davmuf=umatmifarmif;ESif+yD;wJhaemuf/ um;&yfvkduftcgrSmawmh azazhrSm emusifwm/ rl;a0wm/ touf&SL=uyfwm/ a=umufvef@wmawGeJ@ vrf;avsmufEkdifpGrf;awmif r&Sdawmhygbl;? vlwpku azazhudk '&GwfwkdufqJGac:vm=u+yD;tcef;wckxJypfoGif;vkduf=uw,f? *dsrf;qkdwJh us,favmifwJh wHcg;ydwfoHudkyJ aemufqHk;=um;vkduf&+yD;wJhaemuf azazowdarhoGm;awmhw,f? wu,fawmh tJh'DwHcg;ydwfoH[m azaztwGuf i&JwHcg;zGifhoHygyJ? azaz[m aemufxyf wpfvausmfausmf/ tJh'DaxmufvSrf;a&;tusOf;pcef;rSm rsdK;pHkaom !Sif;yef;EdSyfpufr_awGudk tqufrjywf cHpm;cJh&wmaygh?

(3)
orD;av;a&?

b,fwkdif;jynfrSm rqkd tkyfcsKyfwJh tpkd;&&Sdw,f? ttkyfcsKyfcHjynfol&Sdw,f? tkyfcsKyfzkd@ w&m;Oya'&Sdw,f? w&m;Oya'udk umuG,fapmifha&Smufzkd@ &J/ axmufvSrf;a&;/ ppfwyfpwJh ,EW&m;awG&Sdw,f? w&m;Oya'csdK;azmufolawGukd ta&;,l xdef;odrf;ay;r,fh tusOf;axmifawG&Sdw,f?

ta&;t}uD;qHk;u tkyfcsKyfwJh tpdk;&[m ttkyfcsKyfcHjynfolawGu a&G;cs,fwifajrmuf+yD;jynfolawGudk tvkyftau|;jyKr,fhtpdk;&jzpfzdk@yJ/ +yD;awmh w&m;Oya'qdkwmvnf; rsufESmESpfzuf&SdwJhOya'rjzpf&bl;? rSefuefr#w&r,f/ wajy;wnf;&dS&r,f? w&m;Oya'&J@txufrSm b,folwOD;wa,mufrSr&Sd&bl;? tkyfcsKyfol awGzufudktumtuG,fay;+yD; tkyfcsKyfcHjynfolawGudkESdyfuGyfr,fhOya'r[kwf&bl;? w&m;Oya'udkumuG,f apmifha&SmufwJhOya'bufawmfom;awG[mvnf; Oya'udkcspfcifav;pm;wefbdk;xm;olawGjzpfzdk@vdkw,f? }uD;wJhtr_i,fatmif/ i,fwJhtr_ yaysmufatmifqdkwJhpdwfxm;rsdK;ESvHk;oGif;xm;zdk@vdkw,f? tcGifhtm%mudk tvGJoHk;pm;rvkyfzdk@vdkw,f? tusOff;axmifawG[mvnf; uvJhpm;acs !Sif;yef;ESdyfpufa&;pcef;awG rjzpf& bl;? vl@tcGifhta&;awGudknif;y,f&m/ vl@*k%foduQmawGudkz,f&Sm;acsrGypf&m i&Jpcef;awGrjzpf&bl;?

tck azazorD;udk tjzpftysufESpfck Ed_if;,SOfjycJh+yD;+yD? azazjrefrmEdkifiHrSmtzrf;cH&awmh=urf;=uKwf&ufpuf wJh!Sif;yrf;r_awGcHpm;cJh&w,f? tndK;}uD;}uD;eJ@uvJhpm;acswmcH&w,f/ +yD;awmh tjypfr&SdbJrw&m;tjypfay; wmcH&w,f? ppfcHk&Hk;[m azazhudkaxmifav;ESpftjypfay;zdk@q,fhig;rdepfyJ tcsdef,lvdkufw,f? tJh'Daemuf tkwf&dk;av;bufwHwdkif;}uD;awG&J@aemuf tvHkydwftcef;usOf;uav;xJrSm av;ESpfausmftusOf;uscH&w,f? tJh'DvdkemusifcHpm;&r_awGtwGuf azazusL;vGefwJhjypfr_uawmh oef;aygif;rsm;pGmaomjrefrmjynfolrsm;eJ@t wl 1988'Drdkua&pDta&;awmfyHk}uD;rSm yg0if+yD;'Drdkua&pDeJ@vl@tcGifhta&;awGudk+iddrf;csrf;pGmawmif;qdkcJhr_yJ?

0g&Sifwef'DpDrSm azaztzrf;cH&wmvnf; t=urf;rzufqENjyr_a=umifhyJ? &JwyfzGJ0ifawG&J arwWm&yfcHcsufawG udkjiif;qef+yD; um;vrf;ydwfqENjyvdk@tzrf;cH&wm? tar&duefjynfaxmifpk[m vlxkua&G;cs,fwifajrmuf xm;wJhtpdk;&u tkyfcsKyfwJhEdkifiHorD;&J@? w&m;Oya'[mvnf;ausmom;&ifom;cGJjcm;jcif;r&Sdbl;? urBmhtiftm;t}uD;rm;qHk;EdkifiH&J@ tm%mt&SdqHk;orRw}uD;awmifrS Oya'csdK;azguf&if w&m;pGJqdktjypfay; Edkifw,f/ 'gayr,fh tckvdkt=urf;rzuf+idrf;csrf;pGm qENjywJhtwGuf}uD;av;wJhjypf'%fr&Sdbl;? azazwdk@udkzrf; awmhvnf;qJqdk}udrf;armif;wm/ &dkufESuf!Sif;yef;wmr&Sdbl;/ &Jpcef;tcsKyfxJrSmvnf; qJqdk}udrf;armif;jcif; ESdyfpuf!Sif;yef;jcif;r&Sdbl;? ajym=uygpdk@orD;&,f/ azazwdk@&J@vl@tcGifhta&;eJ@vl@*k%foduQmawGwpufuav;rS xdyg;rcHcJh&ygbl;?

4?
orD;av;a&

rEkowW/ 'kv†b wJh? “vl@b0[lonf/ &cJpG”wJh? azazwdk@Ak'<&Sifawmfjrwfbk&m;ua[m=um;awmfrlcJhw,f? &awmifh &cJvl@b0rSm vlom;yDyDoo/ oduQm&Sd&Sd &SifoefcGifh&zdk@qdkwmvnf;tifrwefta&;}uD;wmyJorD;&J@? 'ga=umifhvnf; a&mracwfaus;u|efawGu oufOD;qHydkifya'o&mZffawGudkawmfvSefcJh=uwmaygh? ajr,mrJhawGu ajr&SifawGudkqef@ usifcJh=uwmaygh? urBmhordkif;&J@acwftqufqufrSm vl@*k%foduQmeJ@w&m;r#wr_&&Sda&;wdkufyGJawG[m ae&mwdkif;rSm/ tcsdefwdkif;rSm&SdaecJh/ &SdaeqJ/ &dSaeOD;rSmjzpfw,f? tqHk;t&_H;awGb,favmufyJ}uD;rm;}uD;rm;/ tcsdefumvawGb,f avmufyJ=um=um/ wae@rSmatmifyGJ&rSmjzpfw,f? rmwifvlomuif;acgif;aqmifwJh tar&duefvlrJawG&J@ v_yf&Sm;r_ u olwdk@&J@ tedrfcHb0udkvGwfajrmufapcJhw,f? e,fvfqifrif'Jvm;acgif;aqmifwJh awmiftmz&dutrsdK;om;a&; v_yf&Sm;r_}uD;u vljzLvlenf;pk&J@rw&m;tkyfpdk;r_udk tqHk;owfapcJhw,f? 'DvdkyJ a':atmifqef;pk=unfacgif;aqmifwJh azazwdk@jrefrmjynfolawG&J@ 'Drdkua&pDv_yf&Sm;r_[mvnf; ppftkyfpk&J@ rw&m;zdESdyfr_awGudk r=umcifrSm ed*kH;csKyfapawmhrSm jzpfw,f? ,Hk=unfvdkufprf;yg orD;av;&,f?

atmif'if
atmufwdkbm 31/ 2003?
0g&Sifwef'DpD?

OF A YOUNG MAN

rdk;rcodk@ay;pmrsm; tykdif;(4)/
atmif'if
(rdk;rca&'D,kd atmufwdkbm 19&uf tpDtpOfwGif xkwfv$ifhonfhay;pm?)

“vli,fwpfa,mufta=umif;”

ae@pGJ/ atmufwkdbm 15/ 2003
e,l;a,muf

(1)
orD;av;rkd;rca&/

'Dpmudk azaza&;aewJhtcsdefrSm tar&duefjynfaxmifpku wuUokdvfausmif;om;awG[m r=umcifajzqkd=u &awmhr,fhESpfvnfpmar;yJGtwGuf tonf;toef}udK;pm;usufrSwfae=uav&J@? tJh'Dvkd}udK;pm;ae=u&wJh =um;u wuUodkvf/ aumvdyfaygif;(47)cku ausmif;om;awG[m azazwdk@jrefrmEdkifiHu tusOf;usaewJh ausmif; om;acgif;aqmif rif;udkEkdif&J@ arG;ae@jzpfwJh atmufwkdbm 18&ufae@rSm 24em&D tpmiwfcH+yD; rif;udkEkdifudk *k%fjyK=urwJh? jrefrmEkdifiH&J@ 'Drkdua&pDv_yf&Sm;r_}uD;ta=umif; rSwfwrf;wif owif;&kyf&Sifum; awGukd olwdk@&J@ ausmif;awGrSm jyo+yD; rif;udkEkdifeJ@wuG EkdifiHom;tusOf;om;rsm;vGwfajrmufa&;twGuf awmif;qkd=urwJh? av;pm;cspfcifzkd@odyfaumif;wJh ausmif;om;uav;awGygorD;&,f? olwdk@eJ@ rkdifaygif; axmifaygif;rsm;pGma0;wJh urBmhwbufjcrf;EkdifiHwcku tzdESdyfcHjynfolawGtwGuf/ olwdk@pdk;&drfylyefae=u w,f? pmemaxmufxm;=uw,f? aoG;pnf;cspf=unf=uw,f? tedXm&HkawGrsm;vSwJh a[mh'DurBm}uD; rysuf rpD;yJ wnfwhHckdif+rJaewm 'DvkdomrefjynfolawG&J@ tjyeftvSefem;vnfcspfcifr_a=umifhaygh?

(2)
1962ckESpf/ atmufwkdbm(18)ae@rSm zcif}uD; OD;ouf!Gef@/ rdcif}uD;a':vS=unfwdk@u zGm;jrifcJhwJh wwd, ajrmuf&ifaoG; ay:OD;xGef;qkdwm azazwkd@&J@rif;ukdEkdifayghuG,f? oludkarG;awmh iv#if}uD;awG rv_yfcwfcJhyg bl;? OuUmysHawGvnf; raºuuscJhygbl;? ol@&J@i,fb0[mvnf; jrefrmwEkdifiHvHk;u vli,fxkw&yfvHk;eJ@ xyf wlxyfr#ygyJ? ausmif;wufw,f? ausmif;ajy;w,f? pmoifcef;xJrSm 0wˆKpmtkyfckd;zwfw,f? &kyf&Sif=unfh w,f? *pfwmwD;w,f? uAsmpyfw,f? oD;csif;qkdw,f? &efjzpfw,f? taz:aumif;&if c&D;oGm;w,f? ausmif;pmxuf jyifyA[kokwudkykd+yD; pdwf0ifpm;w,f? jyXmef;pmtkyfxJrSmrygwJh orkdif;tppftrSefawGudk ywf0ef;usifrSmoif,lw,f?

orD;a&/ 1980ckESpfrsm;twGif;u azazwkd@ &efukefo}uFefyJGawmfrSm tifrwefa&yef;pm;wJhoHcsyftzJG@ wzGJ@ &SdcJhw,f? “qdwfyg;pyfeJ@ ewfrsufpd”wJh? tjcm;tzJG@rsm;vkd tvStyeJ@0wfpm;qif,ifr_udk t"du rxm;yJ acwf&J@ uarmufurjzpfr_awGudk uGufuGufuGif;uGif;avSmifajymifa0zefwJh oHcsyfawGeJ@ y&dowfudk qJGaqmif EkdifcJhw,f? ay:OD;xGef;[m tJh'D “qdwfyg;pyfeJ@ ewfrsufpd”oHcsyftzJG@&J@ twkdifacgif;aqmifwa,muf jzpfcJh wmaygh?

tJh'Dvdkjyifyv_yf&Sm;r_awGrsm;vGef;vdk@vnf; 10wef;pmar;yJGukd wbkef;bkef;us+yD;/ 1985ckESpfusrSyJ atmifjrif awmhw,f? 1986/ 1987ckESpfawGrSm &efukefwuUokdvf/ Adkvfwaxmife,fajrrSm yxrESpf/ 'kwd,ESpf oifwef;rsm;udk wufa&mufatmifjrif+yD; 1988ckESpfrSmawmh &efukefwuUokdvfyifrrSm/ wwd,ESpf/ owWaA' t"du ausmif;om;wa,mufjzpfvmcJhw,f? tJh'D 1988ckESpf[mvnf; ay:OD;xGef;tygt0if azazwkd@ tm;vHk;&J@ b0awGudk t}uD;tus,fajymif;vJypfvkdufwJh ESpfaygh?

(3)
1988ckESpf/ rwfv 13&ufae@rSm &efukefpufr_wuUokdvfausmif;om;awG[m rqvtpkd;&&J@ vHkxdef;wyf om;awG&J@ t=urf;zufwkdufckdufr_udkcH&+yD; udkbkef;armf/ udkpkd;EkdifpwJh ausmif;om;wcsdK@ aoewf'%f&meJ@us qHk;cJh&w,f? tJh'DtedXm&Hktjzpftysuf[m &efukefwuUokdvfudkyg ul;pufysH@ESH@+yD; pufr_wuUokdvfausmif;om; awGudk tm;ay;&kdif;yif;zkd@csDwufvmwJh &efukefwuUodkvfausmif;om;awG[m jynfvrf;r}uD;tay:/ tif;vsm; uef}uD;&J@ta&S@/ wHwm;jzLvkd@ac:wJhae&mrSm vHkxdef;wyfom;awG&J@ t=urf;zuf+zdKcJGjcif;cH&w,f? ppfykvdyf awG&J@ =urf;=uKwf&ufpufwJh &kdufESufr_awGatmufrSm ausmif;om;rsm;pGm towfcHcJh&w,f? tJh'D vlowfyJG }uD;uae toufraoyJ vGwfajrmufvmwJhay:OD;xGef;tzdk@ aoG;pGef;aewJhjynfvrf;r}uD;eJ@ teDa&mifjzpfoGm; wJhwHwm;jzLudk b,fawmhrS arhr&Ekdifawmhbl;? tJh'Dupvkd@ ay:OD;xGef;eJ@ ausmif;om;oli,fcsif;rsm;&J@ rqv tpkd;& qef@usifa&; ajratmufv_yf&Sm;r_}uD;ay:aygufcJh+yD; ZGefvta&;tcif;/ tJh'Daemuf 1988 =o*kwfv 8&ufae@rSm wwkdif;jynf;vHk; tHkºuyg0ifawmfvSef=uwJh 'Drkdua&pDta&;awmfyHk}uD; &SifoefxajrmufcJhwm aygh? ay:OD;xGef;[mvnf; rif;udkEkdiftjzpfukd a&muf&SdcJhwmaygh?

1988/ =o*kwfv 28&ufae@/ &efukefwuUokdvf or*~jrufcif;jyifrSm usif;ywJh ausmif;om;xknDvmcH}uD; uae rif;udkEkdifudk ArmEkdifiHvHk;qkdif&m ausmif;om;or*~rsm;tzJG@csKyf&J@ OuUXtjzpfa&G;cs,fwm0efay;vkduf=u w,f? cGyfa'gif;awG awmifyHjyif;jyif;cwf+yD; rkefwkdif;udkxGif;azmufae=ucsdefaygh?

ppftkyfpk&J@ aoG;&l;aoG;wrf;t=urf;zufwkef@jyefr_atmufrSm +idrf;csrf;pGmqENjyae=uwJh tjypfrJh jynfolaxmif aygif;rsm;pGm usqHk;cJh=u&w,f? ajrmufrsm;vSpGmaom ausmif;om;jynfolawGe,fpyfa'oudk xGufajy;wdrf; a&Smif=ucsdefrSm rif;udkEkdifuawmh vkdufygroGm;cJhbl;? ausmif;om;xkeJ@ ausmif;om;or*~&Sd&m/ jynfolvlxk }uD;&Sd&m jynfwGif;rSmyJ igaer,fvkd@ aºu;a=umf+yD; e,fpyfa'oudk a&Smifwdrf;zkd@ jiif;qefcJhw,f? 'DvkdeJ@ 1989/ rwfv23&ufae@rSmawmh rif;udkEdkif[mppfaxmuf vSef;a&;rsm;&J@ zrf;qD;jcif;udkcH&awmhw,f?

(4)
&efukef+rdK@/ tif;pdeftusOf;axmif}uD;xJrSm/ azazwkd@ oli,fcsif;ESpfa,mufjyefqHkawG@&wJhae@wae@udk azaz t+rJwrf;owd&rdw,f? 1989/ 'DZifbmv&J@ae@&ufw&ufrSmaygh? azazhudk axmif0efxrf;awGu tif;pdef axmif/ 1wkduf/ 1cef;xJuae vmac:xkwf=uw,f? xHk;pHtwkdif; wukd,fvHk;udk apmif}uD;eJ@tkyf+yD; rjrif ruef;eJ@ olwkd@ac:&mvkdufoGm;&wmaygh? 15rdepfavmuf=um+yD; apmif}uD;udk cGmvkdufawmh azaz[m tif;pdfefaxmif/ tul;wkduf0if;xJu ppfa=uma&;&Hk;xJa&mufaew,f? txJrSmvnf; tjcm;EkdifiHa&;tusOf; om;wcsdK@vnf; a&mufESifhaewmawG@&w,f? tJh'DtxJrSm rif;udkEkdifvnf;ygwmaygh? axmufvSef;a&; awGu ywfywfvnf0kdif;&Hapmifh=uyf+yD;/ azazwkd@udk wa,mufeJ@wa,mufpum;rajymzkd@ t}udrf}udrfowday;ae =uw,f? azazwkd@u b,faervJorD;&,f/ azazu rif;ukdEkdif&J@aemufrSmuyfxkdifae&awmh azazwdk@ ESpf a,mufpum;awGajym=uwmaygh? tJh'DtcsdefrSm tck AdkvfrSL;csKyfjzpfaewJh AdkvfrSL;oef;xGef;u azazwkd@udk rdef@ cGef;ac|wmayghuG,f? 88ta&;awmfyHk}uD;[m vuf0Jvuf,m EkdifiHa&;tkyfpkrsm;&J@ya,m*a=umifh jzpfay: vmwmjzpfa=umif;/ olwkd@ ppfwyfuom tcsdefrD 0ifa&mufrxdef;odrf;&if wkdif;jynf}uD;+ydKuGJoGm;Ekdifa=umif; pwJh rdk;vHk;jynfhrkom;0g'awGaygh? azazwdk@uawmh oludk*&krpkduf=uygbl;? tcGifhta&; &oavmufvk+yD; pum;awGajymae=uw,f? odyfr=umygbl;? AdkvfrSL;oef;xGef;ajymcsif&m ajym+yD;wJhtcgusawmh azazwdk@ tm;vHk;ukd wa,mufpDcJG+yD;jyefydk@ay;w,f? tJh'DrSm “atmif'if}uD;/ pdwfrav#mhvkdufeJ@uGaemf/ awmifhxm;” h h hwJh?

(5)
vl@b0rSm &Sifv#ufeJ@ us&wJh i&Jcef;awG&Sdw,fqkd&if tJh'g[m jrefrmppfaxmufvSef;a&;&J@ ppfa=uma&;p cef;awGu vGJvdk@ wjcm;r&SdEdkifbl;? ppfaxmufvSef;a&; i&Jom;awGu !Sif;yef;ESdyfpufenf;rsdK;pHkoHk;+yD; rif; udkEdkifudk '%fcwfcJhayr,fh tJh'D!Sif;yef;ESdyfpufr_awGu rif;udkEdkif&J@oHr%dOD;acgif;udk rajymif;!Gwf apcJhygbl;?

'Drdkua&pDv_yf&Sm;r_[m rSm;,Gif;w,fvdk@0efcH&if/ ppftkyfpkucsrSwfxm;wJh Oya'awGudkav;pm; vdkufemr,f vdk@ uwdjyK&if/ tusOf;axmifuaejyefv$wfay;r,fvdk@ ppftkyfpkut}udrf}udrfurf;vSrf;cJhayr,fh rif;udkEdkifu vufrcHcJhygbl;? ol@&J@vGwfajrmufa&;eJ@ *k%foduQmudk tvJtvS,frvkyfcJhbl;? 'ga=umifhvnf; ppftkyfpku rif;udkEdkifudkydk+yD; t!SdK;}uD;}uD;eJ@ zdESdyfawmhwmaygh? 1997 ckESpfrSm ol@udk&efukeftusOf;axmifu ae rdkifaygif; ckESpf&mausmfa0;wJh &cdkifjynfe,f ppfawGtusOf;axmifudkajymif;a&$@ypfvdkufw,f? tif;pdef axmifrSmwHk;u ol@&J@rdom;pk[m wvudkESpf}udrf/ w}udrfudk q,fhig;rdfepfavmuf rif;udkEdkifudkoGm;a&mufawG@ qHkEdkifcJhayr,fh ppfawGaxmifrSmawmh wESpfrS wacguf/ESpfacgufom oGm;a&mufawG@qHkEdkifawmhw,f? 2000ckESpfrSm rif;udkEkdif&J@ jypf'%fumvjynfhoGm;cJhw,f? 'gayr,hf t!d_;}uD;oavmuf a=umufwwfwJh ppftkyfpku rif;udkEkdifudk jyefv$wfray;yJ qufvufcsKyfaESmifxm;cJhw,f? tckqkd&if rif;udkEkdif[m tusOf;axmif}uD;xJrSm tusOf;usaewm q,fhav;ESpfeJ@ ckESpfvausmfcJh+yD? &Spfay/ q,fhESpfay tcef;usOf;uav;xJrSm wae@rSm 15rdepfom tjyifxGufcGifh&+yD;/ usefwJh 23em&D 45rdepfukd tvHkydwftcef;usOf;uav;xJtxD;usefjzwfoef; cJh&wm &ufaygif; ig;axmifoHk;&mausmfcJh+yD? tckatmufwkdbmv 18&ufae@rSmvnf; 14}udrfajrmuf tusOf;axmifwGif;arG;ae@yJGudk txD;usefjzwfoef;aevdrfhr,f?

b,fawmhrsm;rSol@&J@awmifyHawG vGwfvyfysHoef;cGif;&rSmvJ?

b,fawmhrsm;rS EdkifiHwumausmif;om;jynfolawG&J@ *k%fjyKr_udk udk,fwkdifukd,fuscH,lEkdifrSmvJ?

b,fawmhrsm;rS olcspfwJh ausmif;om;jynfolawGeJ@ jyefqHkawG@cGifh&rSmvJ?

topfwkd;vmwJh tifrwefcspfp&maumif;wJh wluav;wa,muf/ wlrav;wa,muftygt0if olcspfwJh rdom;pkudk b,fawmhrsm;rS jyefvnfaxG;ayG@EkdifrSmvJ?

ESif;qDyef;awGuawmh &J&J&kdif;&kdif;yGifhvkd@/ ol&Jaumif;&J@tjyefvrf;udk t}udKaxmufae=uav&J@? reufjzefudk ar#mfawG;+yD; pdwful;r,OfwwfwJh

azazwkd@&J@ol&Jaumif;uawmh
OD;acgif;rwfrwf/ ajcpHk&yf+yD;/ vwfqwf&J&ifhaeav&J@?
*k%f,lvkdufprf;=updk@uG,f?

atmif'if